Report writing for fundamental of computing (week 6)

Topic C02: Network Protocols

Network protocols are like set of rules that devices in a network follow to communicate with each other.

They break down big tasks into smaller ones and work together to get things done. Its like a team effort.

 

It plays an important role is DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONs.

 

Application Layer

It is a crucial component of the OSI model, serving as the interface btw end-user software and the network. It enables software to communicate and present data to users. Some notable application layer protocols include:

1.HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

-it is used for web browsing.

2.FTP(File Transfer Protocol)

-it enables the transfer of files btw devices or servers

3.DNS(Domain Name System)

-it converts domain name into IP addresses, making web addressing user-friendly.

4.SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

-It is responsible for sending emails.

5.POP(Post Office Protocol)

-It allows email clients to retrieve  a messages from a mail server.

6.Telnet

-it provides a standard method for terminal devices and terminal-oriented processes to interface.

 

Transport Layer

It is an end-to-end layer used to deliver messages to a host.

 

●       TCP-is a layer 4 protocol which provides acknowledgement of the received packets and is also reliable as it resends the lost packets.

●       UDP is also a layer 4 protocol but unlike TCP it doesn’t provide acknowledgement of the sent packets

 

Network Layer Protocol

ARP(Address Resolution Protocol)

-It is used to associate an IP address with MAC address

 

RARP(Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)

-it is the protocol which is used to obtain the IP address from a server

 

ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)

-The ICMP is a network layer protocol used by hosts and routers to send the notifications of IP datagram problems back to the sender.

 

IGMP(Internet Group Message Protocol)

-IGMP protocol is used by the hosts and router to support multicasting.

-The IGMP protocol is used by the hosts and router to identify the hosts in a LAN that are the members of a group.

 

Network Access Layer

It is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP protocol hierarchy.

 

Ethernet-is primarily a standard communication protocol used to create local area networks. It transmits and receives data through cables.

 

Types:

1.Fast Ethernet

2.Gigabit Ethernet

3.10-Gigabit Ethernet

4.Switch Ethernet

 

IP address-is a unique identifier assigned to a device or domain that connects to the Internet

 

Types;

1.Public

2.Private

3.Static

4.Dynamic

 

Classes of IP address;

A,B,C,D and E.

A,B,C- it is used for host address

D-it is used for multicast

E-it is used for experimental purposes

 

❖     Class A IP address has the first octet starting from 0.

❖     Class B starts from 0+128 = 128. 

❖     Class C starts from 0+128+64=192. 

❖     Class D starts from 0+128+64+32=224. 

❖     Class E starts from 0+128+64+32+16=240.

⮚      Class A ends at 127, which can be inferred from the starting end of Class B.

⮚      Similarly Class B ends at 191.

⮚      Class C ends at 223.

⮚      Class D at 239.

⮚      Class E at 255.

 

 

Subnetting:

Subnetting is the technique for logically partitioning a single physical network into multiple smaller sub-networks or subnets.

 

Subnet Mask:

-it is a logical subdivision of an IP network.

-When organizations need additional subnetworking, subnetting divides the host element of the IP address further into a subnet. The goal of subnet masks are simply to enable the subnetting process.

 

Classful Routing:

In this classful routing, address is divided into three parts: Network, Subnet and Host.

 

Classless Routing:

A routing protocol that carries subnet masks in its updates.

 

VLSM(ariable Length Subnet Mask)

-it is a segmented piece of a larger network or a design strategy where all subnets mask can have varying sizes.