Report writing for fundamental of computing (week 4)

-

 On the fourth week we went through B02 which is  all about network devices. In this week I learned about network device classification, which are broadly classified into four types such as repeater, hub, switches, and router. We also looked into bandwidth, WAP(wireless Access Point) and NIC(network interface card). Since this topics were all similar to what we have learned in A01 it was easier to understand at some extent.

Topic BO2

Network Devices

  1. Repeater: operate at the physical layer and when the signals gets or becomes weak it regenerates the signal but it does not amplify the signal. Connects the computer which are far and impossible to connect.







  2. Hub: multiport repeater as it connects many wires from different branches and it does not filter data. Request is send to multi devices.
                                   
Types of Hub
  • Active hub - have their own power supply and act as a repeater as well as a wiring Centre.
  • Passive hub - collects wiring and power supply from active hub.
  • Intelligent hub - works similar to active hub .
3. Switches : Multiport bridge and can enhance the efficiency and performance. Checks error or filter the packets. It transfers data to the particular destination.(same broadcast  domain and it works on MAC address level)
                                     
4.Router: device like switch as it works on IP address level. It connects LAN and WANs. Divides broadcast domain.

NIC handles outgoing to the network medium and incoming data form network medium. 

Multiport repeater also know as hub.
                                             
What is bandwidth? 
- amount of data transferred in particular interval of time.

Network switches
  • Similar like hub.
  • Send data to particular destination unlike hub.
Steps of switch operation.
  1. Switch receives a frame
  2. Reads MAC address and source 
  3. Looks for destination MAC address in switching table.
  4. Forward farm to the port where the MAC address matches. 
  5. Switching table updated with new MAC address and port information. 
Each port have unique bandwidth so that  they can can operate in full-duplex mode.

Connecting two switches is possible thus it can expand the network range.

Full-duplex mode : receives as well as send data.
Half-duplex mode : neither send nor receives data.

#uplinkin port - port used to connect two hubs or hubs to switches. 

WAP( wireless access point)
Access point as it's heart. And operates similar like hub without wires.

#NIC is built into a computer's motherboard. 

NIC manufacturer ensure that every NIC produced has a unique address.
Network won't function correctly if the MAC address is duplicate.

NIC as Gatekeeper.
-checks the frame whether it's destination MAC address matches the one it is inbuilt. 

Broadcast address destination Broadcast frame and it done to find the matching MAC address. 

Promiscuous mode - disable the gatekeeper and let all frames to process.

Wireless NICs
-should match wireless AP.
-it needs (SSID) service set identifier to connect to network.


Router.
-connect LAN together to create an internetwork thus enabling multiple LANs to communicate with one another.
Works on IP address level.

Main difference between switch and router is 
Switch works on MAC address level and router works on IP address level. 

Network Devices 


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Report writing for fundamental of computing (week 10)

-
Image
Fundamental of Computing DO3 On 10th week I learned about fundamental commands in Linux, basic file operations, and an introduction to the Linux file system. I also learned more advanced commands, such as those for process management, system monitoring, and package management. The explanation of the "ls -al" command and examples for interpreting its output are also taught by our lecturer. Additionally, the content briefly touched on text editors like VI or VIM, Nano, and gedit. In the second section we  discussed the Linux file system, highlighting the directory tree, pathname, and different types of files in Linux, including regular files, directories, special files, sockets, pipes, and links. And to know more , some examples are shown to illustrate practical usage scenarios for these commands and concepts Basic Command in Linux The command given below are used in Linux; ·        ls : Lists the contents of a directory. ·   ...
Read more

Report writing for fundamental of computing (week 12 and 13)

-
Image
 On 12th and 13th week week we worked on practical 10 which was about configuring web(apache) and FTP servers. Practical 10 We will configure the Web server and FTP server in our system(Ubuntu 20.04LTS). We will make use of the virtual machine. You can get help related to ftp command with the command <man ftp>. Note : If you get permission issues while doing the practical. Please use the concept of previous practicals and solve it. Configuring Apache Web Server What is an Apache web server? - An Apache web server is a software program that runs on a computer and makes websites accessible on the internet. It receives requests from web browsers (like Chrome or Firefox) and sends back the web pages and other files that make up a website.   Which port number is used by the Apache webserver by default? - The default port number used by the Apache web server is port 80 ( secure port for communicating with world for Apache is 443.)   1. Install the Apache webserver with th...
Read more

Report writing for fundamental of computing (week 6)

-
Image
Topic C02: Network  Protocols Network protocols are like set of rules that devices in a network follow to communicate with each other. They break down big tasks into smaller ones and work together to get things done. Its like a team effort.   It plays an important role is DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONs.   Application Layer It is a crucial component of the OSI model, serving as the interface btw end-user software and the network. It enables software to communicate and present data to users. Some notable application layer protocols include: 1.HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) -it is used for web browsing. 2.FTP(File Transfer Protocol) -it enables the transfer of files btw devices or servers 3.DNS(Domain Name System) -it converts domain name into IP addresses, making web addressing user-friendly. 4.SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) -It is responsible for sending emails. 5.POP(Post Office Protocol) -It allows email clients to retrieve  a messages from a mail server. 6.Telnet -...
Read more