Report writing for fundamental of computing (week 5)

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Topic C01 

On the 5th week we looked into Topic C01 which is about network models. This topic consist of  some objectives such as describing OSI model, describing TCP/IP's layered Architecture, explaining network protocols and explaining IP addressing v4 and v6. In network model it mainly talks about network protocols and layers of network. There are 7 layers of OSI(detailed explanation in the content) such as Application, presentation, session, transmission, network, data-link, and physical layer. This 7 layers are broadly classified as host and media layer. Then we looked on TCP/IP model and some protocols.

Content

Network Model/ Protocol

what is protocol?

- A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communication between computers and networks.

- It also guide us to regulate some network related works such as accessing method, types of cabling and allowed physical topologies.

 

Types of model (two popular ones and both are based on layering concepts)

  • OSI reference model
  • TCO/IP model
What is layering?
- layering means dividing task or problems into sub-task and then solving each sub-task independently.

Advantages of Layering.
  • code reuse
  • extensibility
  • accelerates evolution
  • simplifies teaching and learning

OSI(Open System Interconnection )
- it describes layered communication, computer network protocol and transmission design.

- data movements into 7 division and it is called OSI seven layer model

from top to bottom
  1. application
  2. presentation
  3. session
  4. transport
  5. network
  6. data-link
  7. physical-layer
to remember this - All People Seem To Need Data Processing

application layer, presentation layer, session layer, - makes software layer
transport layer - makes heart of OSI
network layer, data link layer, physical layer - makes hardware layers

                            

  • the concept of this 7 layer model is given or introduced by Charles Bachman.


to remember 7 layers from bottom to top -  Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away
                                     


Media layers

1. Physical Layer

- It defines the electrical and physical specifications for devices.
- defines relationship between a device and a physical medium
- it includes pin, voltages, cable specification, hubs, repeaters, network adapters, host bus adapters, and all in all network devices.

Functions
- establishes and terminates the connection of communication medium.
- signals are being send and received in to form of 0's and 1's (binary number)
- conversion of bits to signals.
- helps in bit coordination and synchronization.
- bit rate control
- physical topology
- multiplexing()
-switching

2.Data Link Layer

-  provides functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities.
- correct errors that is occurred in the physical layer.
- MAC address dependent
- switches works in this layer

3. Network layer
- Offers both functional and procedural methods for moving data from an origin point to a destination using one or multiple networks.

- it performs network routing functions.
- router works in this layer
  
Host Layer

4. Transport Layer
- Ensures seamless data transfer between end users, delivering dependable data transfer services to the higher network layers.

- controls the reliability of a given link through flow control, segmentation/de-segmentation, and error control.

5. Session Layer
- controls the connection(dialogues ) between computers.
- it establishes, manages and terminates the connection between the local and remote application.

6. Presentation Layer
- The Presentation Layer creates a framework for communication between entities in the Application Layer. Within this framework, higher-layer entities are free to employ various syntax and semantics, provided that the presentation service comprehends and can map between them.

- provides independence from differences in data representation.(eg. encryption)

- it formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network.

- also known as syntax layer.

7. Application Layer 
- The OSI application layer is the layer in closest proximity to the end user, facilitating direct interaction between both the OSI application layer and the software application used by the user.

- it identify communication partners.

- it determines resource availability.

- HTTP, FTP, SMTP are some example of application layer.








what is packet?
A packet is a unit of data that is used for transmitting information across a network. 

- information were send in short bursts of about 1500 bytes of data in computer.

TCP/IP Model
- it forms the base of internet

- this model is suited as having four layer
  • host-to-network
- it is the bottom layer
- also known as network interface layer
- connects host to the network

  • internet
- it delivers IP packets to their destination
- IP(internet protocol) is the most important protocol of this layer. 

internet protocol
- connectionless protocol
- data are being transferred in the form of packet called datagrams.
- does keep track of their route. 
  • transport
- uses TCP(transmission control protocol) for connection oriented services.
- it control errors , flows, and sequencing.

- uses UDP() for connectionless services.
- There is no guarantee that a packet has successfully reached its destination.
- no checking or error and sequencing unlike TCP
- useful for transferring real time data and quick transfer of large data.
  • application
- application layer, presentation layer, and session layer forms this layer.
- it includes high-level protocol like; 
  1. TELNET(Terminal network) - used for remote login
  2. FTP(File Transfer Protocol) - for transferring file from one system to another.
  3. HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) - for fetching web pages .
Similarities between OSI & TCP/IP
  • both are based on concept of stack of independent protocols
  • functionality is almost same
Differences between OSI & TCP/IP






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